Consistency and variation in kelp holdfast assemblages: Spatial patterns of biodiversity for the major phyla at different taxonomic resolutions

The focus of this study was to measure natural spatial variability in the biodiversity of fauna inhabiting kelp holdfasts in northeastern New Zealand at several spatial scales: from meters up to hundreds of kilometers. We wished to test the hypothesis that multivariate variation and biodiversity would vary significantly at different spatial scales in different ways for the major phyla in the holdfast community (Arthropoda, Annelida, Mollusca and Bryozoa). Biodiversity was considered in terms of richness, total abundance, structural composition (as measured by the Bray-Curtis dissimilarity measure) and taxonomic breadth for each major phylum and for the assemblage as a whole. We also examined the effect of taxonomic resolution on multivariate patterns. Species richness and total abundance increased with increases in holdfast volume. Multivariate variation was greatest at the smallest spatial scale for all phyla, but different phyla showed different patterns of multivariate variation at different spatial scales. Variations among locations at the largest spatial scale were primarily due to differences in the composition and richness of bryozoans and molluscs. Location effects became less and less distinct with decreases in taxonomic resolution. There were very few significant differences in richness or abundance for holdfasts of a given volume, taxonomic breadth did not vary significantly across locations, nor did the proportional abundances of phyla. These consistencies across large spatial scales in the absence of environmental impacts and results from other studies suggest that holdfast communities in New Zealand systems would provide a useful model assemblage against which future impacts may be detected as changes in proportions of component phyla. In addition, high variability detected at small and large scales at the species level, especially for bryozoans and molluscs, suggest that these communities may also provide unique opportunities for studying and understanding sources and functions of marine biodiversity.     

中国黑桫椤属植物(桫椤科)一新组合种

根据来自叶绿体trnL内含子和DNAtrnL F间隔区序列等的证据 ,滇南桫椤Al sophilaaustro yunnanensisS .G .Lu将组合到黑桫椤属Gymnosphaera之下更趋合理。因此 ,本文报道中国黑桫椤属植物一新组合种 :滇南黑桫椤Gymnosphaeraaustro yunnanensis (S .G .Lu)S .G .LuetC .X .Li。     

Long-term changes in ecosystem health of two Hudson Valley watersheds, New York, USA, 1936–2001

We examined long-term ecological change in two Hudson River tributaries, the Wappinger and Fishkill Creek watersheds in Dutchess County, New York State. Fish data spanning 65 years (1936, 1988, 1992, and 2001) and shorter term macroinvertebrate data (1988, 2001) were used to assess the influence of land use practices. Between 1988 and 2001, macroinvertebrate index Biotic Assessment Profile (BAP) improved by 113–165% in the Fishkill Creek watershed, and fish Index of Biotic Integrity (IBI) improved by 117–140%. Fish IBI and fish species richness were significantly different (p < 0.01) between the watersheds, with Wappinger Creek in better condition. Long-term fish IBI scores showed degradation in both watersheds since the 1930s. Changes in species composition suggest community homogenization on par with overall changes in the fish fauna of New York. Most notable were increases in tolerant species and declines in intolerant or moderately tolerant species. Whereas Fishkill Creek IBIs showed decline in 1988 relative to 1936, followed by improvement, Wappinger Creek declined monotonically in environmental quality. Development has intensified in both watersheds, but Fishkill Creek is improving while Wappinger Creek watershed is undergoing less mitigated degradation. We find that older, semi-quantitative data can be used to construct environmental quality indicators, and can be of great use for measuring long-term change.     

Hyporheic Production is Substantially Greater than Benthic Production for a Common New Zealand Caddisfly

Life-history and production of Olinga feredayi in both benthic and hyporheic stream habitats were investigated in a pristine Waikato, New Zealand, forest stream over two years to investigate the contribution of hyporheic habitat to total secondary production. O. feredayi had a univoltine life-history with adult emergence occurring from November to March. Larvae with case lengths < 2 mm were present on most dates suggesting delayed egg hatching. Benthic densities were inversely related to maximum peak daily flow in the month prior to sampling, and positively related to the dry mass of particulate organic matter present in samples. Reach-average benthic production calculated by the size-frequency method was 0.024 g DM m⁻² year⁻¹. Hyporheic production was 4.276 g DM m⁻³ year⁻¹ and 6.462 g DM m⁻³ year⁻¹ in colonisation baskets set at 15–30 cm and 30–45 cm within the substratum, respectively, 2.3–3.4 times greater than production in surface baskets (0–15 cm). Averaged out over the reach scale, it was estimated that 96% of annual secondary production of O. feredayi occurred in hyporheic habitats >10 cm below the streambed surface. Our study clearly demonstrates that only sampling benthic habitats can lead to gross under-estimation of population-level annual production, and provides evidence for the role of the hyporheos as a source of secondary production that may partly account for the Allen Paradox.     

长江三峡库区堇叶芥属（十字花科）一新种

采于长江三峡库区一个植物新种,属于十字花科堇叶芥属,与大花堇叶芥(Neomartinella grandifloraA l-schehbaz)相比较,其特点为常绿草本,叶两面密被糙伏毛,叶柄密被短柔毛,花序密被短柔毛,长角果略呈镰刀状,长0.9~1.2 cm,命名为兴山堇叶芥(Neomartinella xingshanensisZ.E.Zhao et Z.L.N ing)。     

Trichosporon siamense sp. nov. isolated from insect frass in Thailand

A strain of yeast isolated from insect frass collected in Thailand was found to represent a hitherto undescribed species of a basidiomycetous anamorphic genus Trichosporon. It is described as Trichosporon siamense. In the phylogenetic tree based on the D1/D2 region sequences of 26S rDNA, this yeast constitutes a cluster with several Q-9 having species of Trichosporon including T. otae and T. brassicae but is clearly differentiated from these species by 1.8% or more base substitutions. In the internal transcribed spacer region (ITS1 and ITS2), this species differs from T. scarabaeorum, the nearest species, by 6.5% base substitution.     

A new cottid species, Icelus sekii (Perciformes: Cottoidei), from Hokkaido, Japan

A new cottid species, Icelus sekii, is described on the basis of six specimens collected from off Rausu and Urakawa, Hokkaido Island, Japan. This species is distinguished from its congeners by the following combination of characters: supraocular and parietal spines absent; nuchal spine obscure; uppermost preopercular spine unbranched; no scales between dorsal scale row and lateral line scale row, and no scales below lateral line scale row; supraocular, parietal, and nuchal cirri present; five dark brown saddles dorsolaterally; anal fin rays 13; pectoral fin rays 15; vertebrae 12 + 24–25 = 36–37. Icelus sekii can be mature at the smallest size among the species of Icelus. As a secondary sexual character, the male holotype has unique ensiform flaps on the distal tips of the first dorsal fin.     

三种鹿茸片中氨基酸质量分数的比较

通过对东北梅花鹿茸片、新西兰鹿茸片以及东北梅花鹿茸骨片中氨基酸质量分数的比较测定,结果表明:东北梅花鹿茸片中的氨基酸质量分数高于其余两种茸片中的氨基酸质量分数,从而为合理选购和使用鹿茸片提供科学理论依据。     

中国葡萄科-新组合——狭叶乌蔹莓

将产于中国海南的Cayratia mollissima var.lanceolata C．L．Li．提升为种：Cayratia lanceolata（C．L．Li）J．Wen＆Z．-D．Chen（狭叶乌蔹莓）,本种与产于马来西亚和印度支那的C．mollissima在果实与叶形态上差异显著。